Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.6.2, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Cosmundus ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://www.cosmundus.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Latest posts](https://www.cosmundus.com/posts/) - [The most extreme temperatures ever recorded on Earth](https://www.cosmundus.com/extreme-temperatures/) - Over the past few decades, extreme weather events have become more and more common all over the world, due to the effects of climate change caused by human activities. Closely linked with the rise of global average temperatures is the increased frequency of heat waves, which have brought record high temperatures in numerous countries. Meanwhile... - [News - K-Pop section added to the website](https://www.cosmundus.com/k-pop-section-added-to-the-website/) - A new section dedicated to K-Pop has been added to the website! I previously posted various articles focused on K-Pop, which can be found in the "other" category of the blog. Now, I decided to dedicate an entire section to this crazy world, since it's a passion I’ve had for many years. The K-Pop section... - [News - South and Insular Italy added to the Atlas](https://www.cosmundus.com/southern-insular-italy-added-to-the-atlas/) - The Cosmundus Atlas is expanding with the addition of Central Italy, which includes the Italian regions of Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, and Lazio, as well as the two small countries of San Marino and Vatican City. Central Italy features many of the country’s most famous attractions and landmarks, including Rome and Florence, two of the most... - [Tracing Loona’s steps in Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/tracing-loonas-steps-in-milan/) - In 2022 I traveled around Europe, and I took this opportunity to visit several places where the members of K-Pop group Loona have been, including some music video - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 6: professional wrestling today](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-6/) - In the mid 2010s, WWE started moving to a more reality-oriented product, effectively acknowledging that “kayfabe is dead” in wrestling, and fans are well aware of what happens behind the scenes. During this time, WWE kept relying on established wrestlers and returning legends, but also created new stars. Among these were Seth Rollins, Roman Reigns... - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 5: WWE dominance](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-5/) - With the end of both WCW and ECW, WWF was standing on top of the wrestling business, with no competition. After WrestleMania X-Seven, several WCW and ECW wrestlers began appearing on WWF programming, and were depicted as invaders that tried to take over the promotion. They were called The Alliance and were led by Vince... - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 4: the Monday Night War](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-4/) - After the boom of the 1980s, both WWF and WCW started to decline. WWF was hit with a steroid scandal that saw many of the major stars of the promotion involved. WWF physician Dr. George T. Zahorian was accused of distributing the drugs, and McMahon was also indicted due to his connection with him. The... - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 3: the 1980s boom](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-3/) - While various wrestling promotions were enjoying a moderate degree of success in the early 1980s, the territory system of the NWA would soon be disrupted by the national expansion of WWF. Vincent K. McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon), son of Vincent J. McMahon, bought WWF from his father in 1982. He immediately withdrew the... - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 2: the territory era](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-2/) - In the 1930s and 1940s, there were several small wrestling (henceforth “wrestling” will always refer to professional wrestling) promotions all over the United States, competing with each other to get the best talent and win over the fans in different cities. Several promoters came together in 1948 to form a loose confederation called National Wrestling... - [History of professional wrestling – Chapter 1: the origins](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-1/) - Wrestling as a competitive sport has ancient origins, with evidence of mock combat between men dating back to prehistory. The modern sport of wrestling developed during the 19th century in two forms, freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, now collectively known as amateur wrestling. Meanwhile, during the 1830s, showmen in France started to present wrestlers as superhuman... - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 15: Nice, Monaco, Genoa](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-15/) - My next stop was Nice, quite far from Barcelona. Early in the morning, I took the metro to the other side of Barcelona and then a commuter train to the border station of Portbou. After crossing into France I had to change trains twice, in Narbonne and Marseille, before finally arriving in Nice. Including the... - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 14: Zaragoza and Barcelona](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-14/) - The return trip from Ronda to Granada marked the start of the final stretch of my long trip, from that moment every step would get me closer to home. After spending the morning resting in the hostel, I took the train to Zaragoza, where I arrived after a trip that took more than five hours... - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 13: Córdoba, Seville, Cádiz, Granada, Ronda](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-13/) - The following day I explored Córdoba. I firstly passed by the Church of San Nicolás de la Villa and the Roman Mausoleum, before going toward the heart of the old town. I entered the area from Puerta de Almodóvar and passed in front of the ancient Synagogue to reach the city’s Alcázar. Unfortunately, both the Synagogue and the Alcázar are closed on Mondays, and so I wasn’t able to visit them properly. Then, I reached the main attraction of the city, the Mosque-Cathedral. This is one of the greatest works of architecture, not only of Islamic style, but in all of history. Built as a mosque during the eighth century, when Córdoba was the capital of the Muslim-ruled Al-Andalus, it was expanded several times over the centuries and then turned into a Catholic cathedral. Now, it hosts artworks from different eras, a strikingly elaborate Christian chapel in the middle, and an intricate system of decorated columns and arches which create an iconic and awe-inspiring sight. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 12: Madrid, Segovia, Ávila](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-12/) - To enter Spain from Bordeaux I had to take a train to the border seaside town of Hendaye, where I arrived after an almost three-hour-long ride. From there, there are no direct connections between French and Spanish railways, since the Iberian countries use a different track gauge than the rest of Europe, so I had to walk from the Hendaye train station in France to the one in Irun, Spain. The two are about three kilometers away from each other, and on the way I crossed the border passing the international bridge on the Bidasoa river. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 11: Carcassonne, Toulouse, Bordeaux](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-11/) - Like Clermont-Ferrand, Carcassonne was another one of the cities I never failed to include in my Interrail plans, and I was obsessed with it ever since a planned middle school trip to this place got turned into a visit to Avignon and Nîmes. Don’t get me wrong, both those cities were absolutely wonderful and I’m glad that I was able to see them, but Carcassonne got stuck in my head for over a decade. I arrived at around 10 p.m. and settled down in a hostel in the lower town. The next morning I firstly visited the historic Carcassonne Cathedral, and then I crossed the old bridge toward the Cité, the fortified town. This incredibly well-preserved medieval citadel is an exceptional instance of a fortress town dominating a hill and surrounded by an extensive wall system. I spent the morning exploring the Cité, visiting the castle and the Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus, while enjoying some great views on the area. I also had lunch in the old town, and again it was truly delicious. Firstly, I had a salade de gésiers, a salad with gizzard meat, and then I tried the most popular dish from the region, cassoulet, a stew with a pork sausage, duck confit, and beans. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 10: Lyon, Clermont-Ferrand, Vichy](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-10/) - Leaving Berlin wasn’t easy, but I was also excited for the start of the next phase of my trip, one that would bring me across Europe all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. The journey to Lyon took almost twelve hours, and I had to change trains in Frankfurt, where I stopped to have lunch with a tasty Rindswurst hot dog and a delicious Apfelberliner, the classic German apple doughnut. I arrived in Lyon at 8 p.m. and I headed straight to the hostel. The place was fine except for one thing that happened the following day. I got an email during the night saying that I didn’t check in and so my reservation had been canceled. Before going out the next morning, I spoke to the receptionist who told me she was going to look into it and call me back. Later, she called me to say that they made a mistake and didn’t register my check-in, and my bed got booked by someone else, so they offered to find me another hostel. Basically they wanted to kick me out for their mistake, and obviously I categorically refused. Thankfully, on the following call I got told that my spot was safe and that they were moving the other person instead. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 9: Prague and Berlin](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-9/) - The journey from Budapest to Prague lasted eight hours with a train change in Vienna. The hostel I booked was in a perfect position on the large and central Wenceslas Square, but my bed was the top one of a shaky triple bunk bed that did not feel safe at all. Anyway, after putting down... - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 8: Budapest, Szabadkígyós, Pécel](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-8/) - Budapest is a huge city and one of the places I was looking forward to visit the most. Already at the first stop of my tour of the city, I was able to enjoy its unique beauty from a panoramic spot along the Danube with a perfect view of the magnificent building of the Hungarian Parliament. I walked along the river on the Buda side, the western part of the city, before going up the Várhegy, or Castle Hill. Climbing the hill I quickly arrived at the richly decorated Fisherman’s Bastion, which is rightfully famous for its spectacular view over Budapest. I was then in the heart of the Castle District, where the elaborate statue of Saint Stephen stands next to the stunningly gorgeous Matthias Church. With many rich decorations and lavishly adorned interiors, this church stands among the most beautiful of those I visited on the trip. I moved on to explore the rest of the Castle District seeing landmarks such as the Vienna Gate and the ruins of the Church of Mary Magdalene, stopping often at the various panoramic spots. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 7: Warsaw and Bratislava](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-7/) - The next destination of my journey was Warsaw. There are trains that run between Vilnius and the Polish capital, but only on Saturday and Sunday, and I had to travel on a Friday, so instead I took a bus, as this time too I could use a discount thanks to the Interrail pass. The trip took about eight hours, and I arrived in Warsaw almost at 10 p.m.. On the way to the hostel, I got a first taste of the confusing streets of the city, with elevated bridges and viaducts on top of other roads, dark and dirty pedestrian underpasses, and a lot of stairs that made it hard to go around with all my heavy luggage. I usually have a very good sense of direction, but I struggled a bit navigating the roads of the city throughout all my time in Warsaw. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 6: Tallinn, Valga, Riga, Vilnius, Trakai](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-6/) - The two-and-a-half-hour journey between Helsinki and Tallinn was in the evening and it was too dark to enjoy the scenery, I arrived in Estonia after 11 p.m.. The central position of the hostel in Tallinn might have been the only good thing about it, as it was crowded, with no lockers, and even lacking a power plug near the bed. The night was also bad, as one guy in the room kept snoring heavily for hours, so loudly that everyone kept complaining and it ended up being a sleepless night. Even though I was tired, I went out early in the morning just to leave the place. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 5: Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Helsinki](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-5/) - I left Copenhagen and, after changing trains in Gothenburg, I arrived in Oslo at around 6 p.m.. During the trip, I had some great views on the Nordic countryside and coast, with many beautiful mountains and forests. My hostel in Oslo was the one I paid the most for per night, even though it was the cheapest one in the city, so I was upset when I saw that it was crowded and dirty. Trying to shake off my slight uneasiness, I immediately went to the National Museum, that among its large art collection features the famous first version of The Scream by Edvard Munch. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 4: Copenhagen, Malmö, Lund](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-4/) - Next, I was heading north toward Denmark, but the journey did not start well. For this trip I had to book a reservation so I had an assigned seat, but the numbers of the coaches were all wrong, which caused at least twenty minutes of confusion among the passengers, me included, who could not find where their place was. After three and a half hours I arrived in Copenhagen and it welcomed me with a strong and really cold wind that immediately hit me as soon as I stepped foot outside of the train station. An integral part of this city’s culture are the hot dogs sold by small vendors, so I just had to try one for my first lunch in Denmark, and it was pretty good. Afterwards, I went to see the lakeside Tycho Brahe Planetarium before settling down in a nearby hostel, which was so huge and modern that it felt more like a hotel, it couldn’t have been more different from the small and intimate place where I worked in Greece. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 3: Hamburg](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-3/) - Leaving Frankfurt was hard. After everything that happened in the previous two days, I was really sad that I had to already leave this city. A piece of my heart will stay in Frankfurt forever. However, it was time to move on to the next destination, Hamburg. Until that moment, the trip didn't really feel like an Interrail journey but more like a tour to visit friends in different places. I originally planned to see a friend in Hamburg too, another one of those that I met in Greece, but she had just moved out of the city. Luckily, she will still be part of this story later on. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 2: Frankfurt](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-2/) - I left Murg in the morning and, after changing trains in Ziegelbrücke and Zurich, I arrived in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. To reach the hostel I took the metro, which in this case was included in my Interrail pass, and I walked a bit more to Sachsenhausen, the neighborhood south of the old town across the river Main. I started exploring the city by walking along the riverside road enjoying a great view of the beautiful skyline of Frankfurt, which features some of the tallest skyscrapers in Europe. After crossing the historic Eiserner Steg, an iron footbridge, I was in Altstadt, the old town. This part of the city, with all the traditional half-timbered buildings, was mostly destroyed during World War II and rebuilt later, but it doesn't fail to get across a truly medieval feeling. - [My crazy Interrail journey - Chapter 1: Innsbruck, Vaduz, Walensee](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-1/) - After months of careful planning and countless hours spent looking at train times, hostel prices, monuments to see, and museums to visit, I was ready. I wrote a long note on my phone with everything I wanted to do and see and every train I had to take day by day for the entirety of the journey. I like to plan ahead. My luggage consisted of a suitcase filled with clothes, a bag with my PC, money, and other important things, and a backpack with everything I couldn’t fit anywhere else, which will eventually be the place where I put all the souvenirs and food that I bought along the way. It was already heavy and barely enough to fit in everything I needed for such a long trip, but I made it work. - [Tracing Loona’s steps in Paris](https://www.cosmundus.com/tracing-loonas-steps-in-paris/) - Last year, while I was traveling around Europe, I stopped in various places around the continent where the members of K-Pop group Loona have been, including the locations where they shot a music video and had photoshoots for their albums. While I was there, I tried to take the same pictures as them, and I... - [Tracing Loona's steps: how I visited the places where Loona has been in Europe](https://www.cosmundus.com/tracing-loonas-steps/) - Loona is a K-pop girl group with a unique story and concept, and my favorite musical artist. They have twelve members but, instead of debuting as a whole group, each girl was introduced separately. Starting in October 2016, the members debuted one by one with the release of a single album and more promotions while... - [The history of Hong Kong](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-history-of-hong-kong/) - Hong Kong is now one of the most important financial centers in the world, but for most of its history it was just a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages. Only after the British took control of the region in the 19th century Hong Kong grew to become a major trading center between... - [The Krampus: the Christmas demon from the Alps](https://www.cosmundus.com/krampus-christmas-demon/) - Christmas is usually seen as a time of joy and celebration, and in many traditions Santa Claus rewards all children who have been good throughout the year with gifts, while those who haven't been nice can receive a lump of coal instead. However, in Alpine folklore, bad children get an even harsher punishment: a visit... - [The different types of volcanic eruptions](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-different-types-of-volcanic-eruptions/) - Volcanic eruptions are among the most fascinating and destructive natural events that can take place on Earth. However, not all volcanic eruptions are the same, and volcanologists have subdivided them into different types. This classification is based on the mechanisms behind the eruption and the condition in which it happens, and different types are often... - [The voyages of Ibn Battuta, the greatest explorer of the Middle Ages](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-voyages-of-ibn-battuta/) - During the Late Middle Ages, before the start of the European Age of Exploration, Marco Polo traveled across all of Asia, while Zheng He led several expeditions in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. However, another explorer traveled more than both of them combined: Ibn Battuta. During the 14th century he crossed all of North... - [The Ainu: the indigenous people of northern Japan](https://www.cosmundus.com/ainu-indigenous-people-of-northern-japan/) - Japan is one of the most ethnically and culturally homogeneous countries in the world, as almost the entire population identifies as Japanese. However, there are a few minorities and two indigenous peoples: the Ryukuans in the Ryukyu Islands to the south, and the Ainu in northern Japan. After centuries of colonization and forced assimilation, only... - [Visiting Cologne with day trips to Aachen and Bonn](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-cologne-aachen-bonn/) - The area along the west bank of the Rhine river in the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany houses several large cities and historic sites. Among these is Cologne, the largest city in the region and one of the major cultural centers in the country. When visiting Cologne, it's easy to take a day trip to... - [The layers of the ocean](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-layers-of-the-ocean/) - Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface, and contain 97% of our planet's water. This huge environment, which is still mostly unexplored, is subdivided into various areas with different conditions. Each zone and each layer are their own unique habitat, and their subdivision depends on depth, with conditions changing as pressure increases and light... - [The history of vampires](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-vampires/) - Vampires are among the most common and popular creatures in the modern horror genre, but similar figures have been recorded in several cultures across the world for a long time. The typical trait that defines vampires is that they feed on the blood of living creatures, or another kind of vital essence. Other characteristics might - [The birth of modern tourism: the Grand Tour](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-birth-of-modern-tourism-the-grand-tour/) - Between the 17th and the 19th century, it was a custom for wealthy Europeans to take a trip around Europe, usually in their early 20s. This trip, known as the Grand Tour, was a popular rite of passage during which travelers studied the culture and history of Europe, especially the heritage of classical antiquity and... - [History of the Etruscans](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-the-etruscans/) - Before the Romans expanded their territory to dominate the entire Mediterranean region, a large portion of Italy was inhabited by the Etruscans. At the height of their power, the Etruscans occupied a territory extending between the Po Valley and the Gulf of Naples, while their most important city states were located in Central Italy, between... - [The history of Timur](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-history-of-timur/) - Regarded as one of the greatest military leaders of all time, but also among the most brutal, Timur is the only Mongolian conqueror who came close to reach the power of Genghis Khan. His conquests during the late 14th century united a large portion of Asia, and his rule coincided with the flourishing of art... - [The longest road in the world: the Pan-American Highway](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-longest-road-in-the-world-the-pan-american-highway/) - Stretching for about 30,000 km and crossing the entire North American and South American continents, the Pan-American Highway is regarded as the longest road in the world. In reality, the Pan-American Highway is not a single road, but a network of roads that extends from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, with a single break along... - [The weird history of Easter Island](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-weird-history-of-easter-island/) - Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, is an island and a territory of Chile located in the Pacific Ocean, extremely far from any other land. In fact, Easter Island is one of the most remote places on Earth, being over 2,000 km away from the nearest inhabited island, Pictairn Island (which only has around 50 residents)... - [The different kinds of supernovae](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-different-kinds-of-supernovae/) - A supernova is one of the most dramatic and powerful phenomena in the universe. Supernovae occur during the final stages of the life of a massive star, and can cause the release of several solar masses of material. Because of this, supernovae can reach a luminosity comparable to that of an entire galaxy, before slowly... - [The Mesoamerican ballgame and its modern revival](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-mesoamerican-ballgame-and-its-modern-revival/) - For thousands of years, the ancient pre-Columbian people of Central America used to play a peculiar sport with ritual connotations, which was an important aspect of their culture. This sport is commonly known today as Mesoamerican ballgame, and it is called ōllamalīztli in Nahuatl languages and pitz in Mayan languages. Other names for the game... - [History of the tallest buildings in the world](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-the-tallest-buildings/) - Currently, the tallest structure ever built is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which stands at 829.8 meters tall. This skyscraper is just the most recent in a long series of structures that have held the title of the world's tallest since ancient times. However, not all of these fit the modern definition... - [The Carrington Event: the strongest solar storm ever recorded](https://www.cosmundus.com/carrington-event/) - Disturbances on the Sun can cause the expulsion of radiation and plasma in the form of solar storms, which can emanate outwards and impact the entire Solar System. One of the events associated with this type of solar activity is a coronal mass ejection (CME), which causes the release of massive quantities of matter and... - [Visiting Riga, the capital of Latvia](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-riga-latvia/) - Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia, hosting around a third of the entire population of the country. The city is located near the mouth of Daugava river, which flows into the Baltic Sea, and it is the main tourist destination of Latvia, as well as its most important economic and cultural center... - [The history of opera](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-history-of-opera/) - Opera is an art form that combines acting and music, and sometimes also dance, with performers taking on dramatic roles. Its name comes from the Latin and Italian word "opera", meaning work, and indeed this form of theater originated in Italy and it is a key aspect of Italian tradition. Over time, opera evolved to... - [The indigenous peoples who remain uncontacted](https://www.cosmundus.com/uncontacted-peoples/) - While the world in the 21st century is extremely interconnected, and we can easily talk with someone on the other side of the world, there are still numerous tribes of indigenous peoples who remain completely outside our society. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the United Nations and the non-profit group Survival International estimate... - [How two Byzantine monks stole the secret of silk from China](https://www.cosmundus.com/byzantine-monks-stole-silk-china/) - Throughout the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire dominated the production and commerce of silk in Europe. For centuries, silk contributed heavily to the Byzantine economy, while Costantinople was the main silk-weaving center in all of Europe. Byzantine silk was a prestigious commodity sold at high prices, and was known for its bright colors and complex... - [Visiting Tallinn, the capital of Estonia](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-tallinn-estonia/) - Sitting on the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland, Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. In fact, it houses a third of the country's entire population, and it is also its main economic and cultural hub, as well as its main tourist destination. The city is known for its beautiful and... - [History of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-okinawa-and-the-ryukyu-islands/) - The Ryukyu Islands are a chain of islands that extends between Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan, and Taiwan, marking the border between the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea. They are part of Japan and they are formed by a series of small archipelagos, from north to south: the... - [30 years ago the comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter](https://www.cosmundus.com/30-years-ago-comet-jupiter/) - In July 1994, we witnessed for the first time ever an extraterrestrial collision in our Solar System in real time, when the comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter. This incredible event was followed by many people and extensively covered by the media, while astronomers all over the world studied the collision. Thanks to this impact... - [The War of the Heavenly Horses: a forgotten conflict between Greeks and Chinese](https://www.cosmundus.com/war-of-the-heavenly-horses/) - The ancient civilizations of Greece and China at one point dominated the Western and Eastern world, respectively. Their history was almost completely separate, and they only interacted thanks to merchants along the Silk Road. The story of how this route was initiated is linked with the expansion of the Greeks towards the east, and the... - [The Train of the End of the World](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-train-of-the-end-of-the-world/) - Located at the southern tip of South America, Ushuaia is the capital of the Tierra del Fuego province, in Argentina. The city is located on a bay along the Beagle Channel, which separates Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, the largest island in the archipelago, from some minor islands to the south. With a population... - [The longest-living organisms on Earth](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-longest-living-organisms-on-earth/) - Animals, plants, and other organisms on Earth have widely different lifespans, as for example many species of insects live just a few days, while some plants can survive for centuries or even millennia. Humans can live longer than most other animals, as many people can reach an age of over 100 years. The oldest person... - [Great Zimbabwe: a rich medieval kingdom in Southern Africa](https://www.cosmundus.com/great-zimbabwe-a-rich-medieval-kingdom-in-southern-africa/) - Deep among the hills of Southern Africa, in the modern country of Zimbabwe, lie the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, the capital of what was once the richest kingdom of this part of the world. This is known as the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, and from the 13th to the 15th century it ruled over a large... - [News - Welcome to Cosmundus!](https://www.cosmundus.com/news-welcome-to-cosmundus/) - Cosmundus is now officially online! So, what is Cosmundus? First of all, the name comes from two words with a similar meaning: cosmos, a word of Greek origin for “universe”, and mundus, a Latin expression for “world” or “universe”. Here, I will post articles on history, travel, science, culture, and much more on the blog... - [I traveled solo around Europe for two months: my crazy Interrail journey](https://www.cosmundus.com/interrail-0/) - This is the story of the greatest adventure of my life. I spent two months traveling incessantly around Europe with an Interrail global pass that gave me almost unlimited access to most trains in the continent outside of Italy. That’s because an Interail ticket allows you to board any train you want just by saving... - [How most writing systems in the world derive from the Egyptian hieroglyphs](https://www.cosmundus.com/writing-systems/) - There is a wide range of different writing systems all around the world, but a large majority of them share one common ancestor: the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. From the Latin alphabet to the Arabic script, from Ethiopian characters to Mongolian writing, and probably even the South Asian systems, they all derive from the hieroglyphs used... - [The geological history of Mars](https://www.cosmundus.com/geological-history-mars/) - Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in our Solar System, and it is one of the most studied celestial bodies. Observed since ancient times, it was the target of some of the earliest space exploration missions in the 1960s, and it has been reached by several uncrewed spacecrafts ever since. Today, thanks to... - [How the small nation of Courland tried to create a colonial empire](https://www.cosmundus.com/courland-colonial-empire/) - When you think about Western colonialism, the large British, French, or Spanish empires are probably the first ones that come to your mind, but during the the so-called Age of Discovery many European states established or tried to establish colonies around the world. One of the smaller and less known of these states was the... - [I read a 1998 magazine that tried to predict the future, here's what I found](https://www.cosmundus.com/future-magazine-1998/) - Trying to predict the future is never an easy task, and there have been countless outlandish predictions that now seem laughable or even completely insane. Some time ago, I found an old Italian magazine buried under a lot of other stuff in my room, with a title that immediately caught my eye: “Futuro” (Future), and... - [How a Christian cult almost took over China: the Taiping Rebellion](https://www.cosmundus.com/taiping-rebellion/) - A failed exam, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, a fourteen-year-long war that led to the deaths of tens of millions. While most people in the West might have never heard about it, the Taiping Rebellion was one of the bloodiest wars ever, and a pivotal event in the history of China. Between 1850 and... - [The history and traditions of the Dragon Boat Festival](https://www.cosmundus.com/dragon-boat-festival/) - The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important traditional Chinese holidays, which falls on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar, corresponding to late May or June in the Gregorian calendar. For this reason, it is also known as Double Fifth Festival. In 2023, the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on June 22. - [A day trip from Venice to Murano, Burano, and Torcello](https://www.cosmundus.com/venice-day-trip-murano-burano-torcello/) - There is a lot to see in Venice, enough to spend several days exploring this fascinating place. However, many more interesting attractions are located around the city, and can be easily visited with a day trip from Venice. Among these, some of the most beautiful and popular destinations around Venice are a few of the... - [The Aral Sea disaster: how one of the largest lakes in the world turned into a barren desert](https://www.cosmundus.com/aral-sea-disaster/) - If you look at different maps of Central Asia, you can notice that a large lake placed between the Caspian Sea and the Himalayan Plateau keeps changing shape. Sometimes it is very large and it has an almost round outline, while some other times it has nearly vanished, with only two smaller bodies of water instead. The latest satellite photos reveal that the second case is more accurate, with the lake almost entirely gone. What happened here? One of the worst environmental disasters in human history. The disappearance of the Aral Sea, in a few decades turned from a large lake into a barren desert. - [How many eclipses occur in a year?](https://www.cosmundus.com/eclipses/) - Eclipses are among the most beautiful and fascinating astronomical events that can be observed from Earth. Since ancient times, people have been captivated by the unique occurence of an eclipse, sometimes appreciating their beauty, and other times looking at them with fear. Now we know that eclipses are just a natural phenomenon and we can... - [News - Northwest Italy added to the Atlas](https://www.cosmundus.com/northwest-italy-added-to-the-atlas/) - The Cosmundus Atlas is expanding with the addition of Northwest Italy, which includes the Italian regions of Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, and Lombardy. Here you can visit large cities such as Milan, Turin, and Genoa, or reach Alpine ski resorts like Courmayeur and Bormio. Traveling from the wonderful coast of the Cinque Terre to the... - [When China ruled the oceans: the Ming treasure voyages](https://www.cosmundus.com/ming-treasure-voyages/) - Between the fifteenth and eighteenth century, European explorers and colonizers sailed the oceans, expanding from their continent to the entire world during the so-called Age of Discovery. However, decades before the Spanish ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Americas, the Chinese Empire, ruled by the Ming dynasty, saw its own age of exploration... - [Visiting Ronda, the most beautiful town in Spain](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-ronda-spain/) - There is no shortage of wonderful towns throughout all of Spain, from the large cities of Madrid and Barcelona to the many seaside resorts that dot the long coast of the country, including countless picturesque villages in the hills and mountains. Among these, the most unique is a town called Ronda, located in southern Spain... - [The history of Attila, King of the Huns](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-attila/) - A legendary figure in European history, Attila was one of the most feared enemies of the Romans and, during his prime, he ranked among the most powerful sovereigns in the world. Attila was the King of the Huns when they were at the peak of their strength, ruling over a territory that extended from the... - [The most remote island in the world: Bouvet Island](https://www.cosmundus.com/remote-bouvet-island/) - Deep in the South Atlantic Ocean, thousands of kilometers away from any settlement, lies the most remote island in the world: Bouvet Island. This small and icy uninhabited island is a nature reserve and a dependency of Norway, despite being located 12,500 km away from the Norwegian mainland. Few people have set foot on this... - [Qixi, Tanabata, Chilseok: the Double Seventh Festival in China, Japan, and Korea](https://www.cosmundus.com/qixi-tanabata-chilseok/) - The seventh day of the seventh month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar is celebrated across East Asia as one of the most important festivities of the year, known as Double Seventh Festival. This traditional festival originated in China, where it is known as Qixi, and was later adopted in Japan as Tanabata and in Korea... - [Saint Martin/Sint Maarten: the Caribbean island divided between France and the Netherlands](https://www.cosmundus.com/saint-martin-sint-maarten/) - The small and beautiful island of Saint Martin, located in the Caribbean, has the peculiarity of being split almost in half between two European countries: France and the Netherlands. The northern side is occupied by the French Collectivity of Saint Martin, while the Dutch side to the south is known as Sint Maarten. The French... - [The history of San Marino, the oldest country in the world](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-san-marino/) - More than 1700 years have passed since the year 301, there have been countless invasions, revolutions, and wars, countries have come and gone, empires have risen and fallen, but one thing has remained constant on the ever-changing world map throughout all this period of time: the Republic of San Marino. San Marino is a small... - [The discovery of the outer Solar System: Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and beyond](https://www.cosmundus.com/discovery-of-the-outer-solar-system/) - For millennia the only known celestial objects were those visible to the naked eye. In the Solar System these are limited to the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and some comets and asteroids occasionally passing near our planet. Astronomy was revolutionized in the early seventeenth century, when Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was... - [A day trip from Copenhagen to Malmö and Lund](https://www.cosmundus.com/day-trip-malmo-and-lund/) - Copenhagen is a city filled with famous landmarks and interesting attractions, and a tourist could easily spend multiple days visiting it. However, just crossing to the other side of the Øresund strait, the Swedish cities of Malmö and Lund offer many more fascinating sights, and can be visited together in a single day trip from... - [The Whisky War: why Denmark and Canada share a land border](https://www.cosmundus.com/whisky-war/) - Denmark is a European country located north of Germany, while Canada occupies the northern portion of North America, bordering the United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the west. However, this two countries, that are seemigly so far from each other, share a short land border in the Arctic region... - [Dangun and the story of the mythical founding of Korea](https://www.cosmundus.com/dangun-founding-of-korea/) - According to Korean tradition, Dangun was the mythical founder of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom that ruled over a territory stretching between the modern-day Liaoning Province in Northeast China and the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula in ancient times. The myth of Dangun first appeared in the 13th-century Samguk Yusa, a historical record that... - [My review of the three K-Pop concerts I attended this year: Red Velvet, Odd Eye Circle, Aespa](https://www.cosmundus.com/concert-review-red-velvet-odd-eye-circle-aespa/) - I have been a fan of K-Pop music for quite a few years now, and I previously attended two K-Pop concerts, I saw Blackpink in Barcelona on May 28, 2019, and Loona in Frankfurt on September 11, 2022 (and I talk extensively about the latter in this article). This year many groups held concerts in... - [The most remote inhabited island in the world: Tristan da Cunha](https://www.cosmundus.com/remote-tristan-da-cunha/) - Tristan da Cunha is a small archipelago located in the South Atlantic Ocean, consisting of the main island of the same name, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the Nightingale Islands. While the latter three islands are uninhabited, Tristan da Cunha has a population of around 250 people, and is the most remote inhabited island in... - [The continents submerged under the ocean](https://www.cosmundus.com/submerged-continents/) - Only 29.2% of the surface of Earth is land, while the remaining 70.8% is covered by the oceans. The landmasses located above sea level are divided into continents. While there are various ways to distinguish the continents, the most common model counts seven of them: Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica... - [The history of zombies](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-zombies/) - Zombies are one of the most popular and common creatures in the modern horror genre, being featured in countless movies, series, and novels. While now the characteristics of zombies are pretty well defined and uniform across different works of fiction, their features have changed and evolved since their first appearance in popular culture in the... - [The weird history of the defenestrations of Prague](https://www.cosmundus.com/defenestrations-of-prague/) - If you know European history, you might be familiar with the phrase “defenestration of Prague”, as the event that sparked the Thirty Years’ War in 1618. However, there were curiously multiple similar incidents that happened in the same city throughout the centuries. First of all, let’s define what a “defenestration” is. The term means “throwing... - [Visiting Carcassonne, a fortified medieval town in France](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-carcassonne-france/) - France is a country with a rich history and culture and, while Paris and the other large cities attract the most tourists, there is an abundance of smaller towns worth a visit. One of the most notable of these is Carcassonne, a town located in the south of the country and known for its incredibly... - [The dwarf planets of the Solar System](https://www.cosmundus.com/dwarf-planets-of-the-solar-system/) - In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) introduced a new definition of planet, changing the way we classify the larger bodies in the Solar System. According to this definition, a planet is a celestial body that: orbits the Sun, is in hydrostatic equilibrium, meaning that it has a nearly round shape, it has "cleared the... - [How the most powerful Swedish warship sank on her maiden voyage](https://www.cosmundus.com/swedish-warship-sank-maiden-voyage/) - After a long time of being a peripheral and minor kingdom in Northern Europe, Sweden developed into one of the major powers in the continent in the 17th century. The country rose to prominence during the reign of king Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632), seizing territories from neighboring states and becoming the dominant power in the Baltic... - [The myth of the Moon rabbit](https://www.cosmundus.com/moon-rabbit/) - The dark markings visible on the near side of the Moon have been subject since ancient times to istances of pareidolia, the tendency to find familiar structures in natural features and artificial objects that have none. Throughout the ages, different cultures have seen various shapes while looking at the Moon, often linked with their mythology... - [What is the northernmost point of land?](https://www.cosmundus.com/northernmost-point-of-land/) - While the South Pole is located at the center of the large landmass of Antarctica, the North Pole is instead in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, hundreds of kilometers from any land. However, what point of land is actually the closest to the North Pole is still a controversial issue, with no definitive answer... - [News - Central Italy, San Marino, and Vatican City added to the Atlas](https://www.cosmundus.com/central-italy-added-to-the-atlas/) - The Cosmundus Atlas is expanding with the addition of Central Italy, which includes the Italian regions of Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, and Lazio, as well as the two small countries of San Marino and Vatican City. Central Italy features many of the country’s most famous attractions and landmarks, including Rome and Florence, two of the most... - [The different calendars used around the world](https://www.cosmundus.com/calendars-around-the-world/) - A new year has just started, and 2024 is going to be special, as it is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, the most used calendar around the world. To understand why this calendar is the de facto international standard, and why 2024 is a leap year, we need to go through the history... - [The ecozones of the world](https://www.cosmundus.com/ecozones-of-the-world/) - There is a great amount of biological diversity on Earth, with millions of different species living in all kinds of ecosystems. This biodiversity is not distributed equally across the globe, with a larger amount of species living in the warmer areas near the tropics. The study of how species and ecosystems are distributed in the... - [The incredible ice and snow sculptures of the Harbin Ice Festival](https://www.cosmundus.com/harbin-ice-festival/) - Harbin is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang, the northernmost province of China, part of the historical region of Manchuria. With a population of over five million people, and ten million in its metropolitan area, Harbin is one of the main centers in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 by the Russians when they were... - [How the Vikings reached North America 500 years before Columbus](https://www.cosmundus.com/vikings-north-america/) - Starting in the late 8th century, a group of seafaring people from Scandinavia, now known as Vikings, expanded their influence throughout Europe, often raiding and looting the cities of the continent. From their homeland in modern-day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, the Vikings used their characteristic longships to sail along the coasts and rivers of Europe... - [How every chemical element was discovered and named](https://www.cosmundus.com/every-chemical-element-discovery/) - While a few elements are known since ancient history, most have been discovered since the 17th century, and the first list of elements was compiled by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier in 1789. The development of the atomic theory, and new techniques using electricity and spectroscopy, led to the discovery of several new elements in the... - [Visiting Trakai, a beautiful lakeside village in Lithuania](https://www.cosmundus.com/visiting-trakai-lithuania/) - Just 28 kilometers west of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, lies the small town of Trakai. The village, which only houses around 5,000 people, is located on a narrow strip of land surrounded by lakes, the largest of which is Lake Galvė. This lake is dotted with tiny islands, including the one that houses the... - [How dragons are depicted in different cultures](https://www.cosmundus.com/dragons-in-different-cultures/) - According to the traditional Chinese calendar, 2024 is the year of the dragon, which is one of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. While very prominent in Chinese tradition, dragons appear in many different forms in several cultures across the world. From the serpentine creatures of East Asia to the fire-breathing flying reptiles of... - [The real history of Tortuga, the pirate island](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-tortuga/) - The island of Tortuga appears in several books, movies, and other pieces of modern media in which pirates are featured, often depicted as a safe place for bandits and outlaws. This island really exists, it is located off the northwestern coast of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, and forms part of the country of Haiti. But... - [The tremendous scale of the 2011 Japan earthquake](https://www.cosmundus.com/2011-japan-earthquake/) - On March 11, 2011, at 3:46 p.m. local time, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake occured off the northeastern coast of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. This was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and one of the strongest ones in the world in the past few centuries. The shock and the tsunami... - [How to visit the extremely remote Pitcairn Islands](https://www.cosmundus.com/how-to-visit-pitcairn/) - Deep in the southern Pacific Ocean, hundreds of kilometers from the nearest inhabited land, are the tiny Pitcairn Islands. This is a group of four volcanic islands called Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno, which form a British Overseas Territory and have a total area of just 47 km2. Pitcairn Island is the only one that... - [The Cistercian numerals: a peculiar numeral system from medieval Europe](https://www.cosmundus.com/cistercian-numerals/) - Today the Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are the most widely used symbols for writing numbers, adopted by most countries around the world. These numbers derive from a system originally developed in India, and later introduced to Europe by Arabs starting in the 10th century. The Arabic numerals... - [The history of April Fools' Day](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-april-fools-day/) - All over the world, April 1 is a day in which pranks and hoaxes are common, a custom known as April Fools’ Day. While this celebration only originated in modern times in the Western world, similar customs can be found since ancient times, mostly in Europe. Maybe the oldest instance of a similar tradition is... - [History of professional wrestling, from carnivals to WrestleMania XL](https://www.cosmundus.com/history-of-professional-wrestling-0/) - Professional wrestling is a unique blend of sports and theater, athleticism and entertainment, in which larger than life characters face each other in staged and dramatized matches, under the pretense of actual competition, creating a form of suspension of disbelief similar to that employed with works of fiction. While now professional wrestling is a global... - [The real history of the founding of Rome](https://www.cosmundus.com/founding-of-rome/) - Centuries before ruling over the entire Mediterranean region, Rome was just a small village located on a group of hills along the Tiber river in Lazio, Central Italy. The Romans had a series of myths surrounding the founding of the city, and traditionally dated the event on April 21, 753 BCE, although different dates were... - [Why 2024 will see the largest emergence of cicadas in the United States in over 200 years](https://www.cosmundus.com/2024-cicadas-united-states/) - Cicadas can be found in thousands of different species around the world, and they usually emerge once a year. However, the Magicicada genus of eastern North America is unique, as its species follow a periodical cycle, emerging either every 13 or 17 years. The members of the Magicicada genus spend 99.5% of their lives underground... - [The weird statues of Prague](https://www.cosmundus.com/the-weird-statues-of-prague/) - Prague is a popular tourist destination, with several historic attractions famous all over the world, like its 15th-century astronomical clock, the iconic Old Town Square, and the medieval Charles Bridge, just to name a few. However, while walking around the city, it’s impossible not to notice various peculiar landmarks. In fact, Prague is populated by... - [Talian: the Venetian language spoken in Brazil](https://www.cosmundus.com/talian-the-venetian-language-spoken-in-brazil/) - Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 85 million people around the world, with 67 million native speakers. Most of these of course live in Italy, where it is spoken by most of the population, and other European countries such as Switzerland and San Marino, where Italian is an official language, as well as... ## Pages - [Home](https://www.cosmundus.com/) - Welcome to Cosmundus! Here you can explore the world and the universe by looking through the two sections of the website, the Atlas and my personal blog. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: a step‑by‑step grammar analysis of Loona songs](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/) - Learn Korean with a deep analysis of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of songs by Loona, ARTMS, Loossemble, Chuu, and Yves. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Odd Eye Circle - Chaotic](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/odd-eye-circle-chaotic/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Chaotic" by Odd Eye Circle. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Odd Eye Circle - Starlight](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/odd-eye-circle-starlight/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Starlight" by Odd Eye Circle. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - Sonatine](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-sonatine/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Sonatine" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Odd Eye Circle - Loonatic](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/odd-eye-circle-loonatic/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Loonatic" by Odd Eye Circle. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: JinSoul - Singing in the Rain](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/jinsoul-singing-in-the-rain/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Singing in the Rain" by JinSoul. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Odd Eye Circle - Girl Front](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/odd-eye-circle-girl-front/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Girl Front" by Odd Eye Circle. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: JinSoul, Choerry - Puzzle](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/jinsoul-choerry-puzzle/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Puzzle" by JinSoul and Choerry. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Choerry - Love Cherry Motion](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/choerry-love-cherry-motion/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Love Cherry Motion" by Choerry. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Kim Lip, JinSoul - Love Letter](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/kim-lip-jinsoul-love-letter/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Love Letter" by Kim Lip and JinSoul. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Kim Lip - Twilight](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/kim-lip-twilight/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Twilight" by Kim Lip. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - Fairy Tale](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-fairy-tale/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Fairy Tale" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Kim Lip - Eclipse](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/kim-lip-eclipse/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Eclipse" by Kim Lip. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - Rain 51db](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-rain-51db/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Rain 51db" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - You and Me Together](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-you-and-me-together/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "You and Me Together" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - Love & Live](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-love-live/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Love & Live" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: ViVi feat. HaSeul - Everyday I Love You & ViVi feat. JinSoul - Everyday I Need You](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/vivi-feat-haseul-everyday-i-love-you-vivi-feat-jinsoul-everyday-i-need-you/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Everyday I Love You" by ViVi feat. HaSeul and "Everyday I Need You" by ViVi feat. JinSoul. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: Loona 1/3 - Valentine Girl](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/loona-1-3-valentine-girl/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Valentine Girl" by Loona 1/3. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HeeJin - ViViD](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/heejin-vivid/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "ViViD" by HeeJin. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HaSeul - Let Me In](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/haseul-let-me-in/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Let Me In" by HaSeul. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HeeJin, HyunJin - I’ll Be There](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/heejin-hyunjin-ill-be-there/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "I’ll Be There" by HeeJin and HyunJin. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: YeoJin - Kiss Later](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/yeojin-kiss-later/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Kiss Later" by YeoJin. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [K‑Pop glossary: the slang every fan should know](https://www.cosmundus.com/k‑pop-glossary-the-slang-every-fan-should-know/) - K‑Pop has its own language and terms that are used only in this world. This glossary will break down the essential vocabulary you absolutely need to know. - [K‑Pop explained: beginner guides to understand this crazy world](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-explained/) - With its constant global rise in popularity, it has become increasingly hard to ignore K-Pop, but for many people it could be hard to even know where to start to understand this world. K-Pop is much more than catchy music and fun dances, but with countless groups and artists, a long list of new terms, - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HyunJin - Around You](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/hyunjin-around-you/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "Around You" by HyunJin. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop female soloists](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/female-soloists/) - This is a explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop female soloists, an extension of our earlier guide to the names of K-Pop groups and idols. - [A simple starter guide to K-Pop for beginners: female soloists explained](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/female-soloists/) - This is a beginner-friendly introduction to K-Pop female soloists, an extension of our earlier introductory guide to K-Pop groups. - [A simple starter guide to K-Pop for beginners: girl groups explained](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/girl-groups/) - This is a beginner-friendly introduction to K-Pop girl groups, an extension of our earlier introductory guide to K-Pop groups. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HeeJin, HyunJin - My Sunday & HaSeul, YeoJin - My Melody](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/heejin-hyunjin-my-sunday-haseul-yeojin-my-melody/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "My Sunday" by HeeJin and HyunJin, and "My Melody" by HaSeul and YeoJin. The lyrics of these two songs are very similar, but some sentences are exclusive to one song or the other. The analysis will include the full lyrics of "My Sunday" first, and then the sentences that are only present in "My Melody". Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [Learn Korean with K-Pop: HeeJin, HyunJin, HaSeul - The Carol](https://www.cosmundus.com/learn-korean-with-k-pop/heejin-hyunjin-haseul-the-carol/) - Here's a full breakdown of the grammar and vocabulary of the lyrics of "The Carol" by HeeJin, HyunJin, HaSeul. Repeated lines and lyrics entirely in English are omitted. - [K‑Pop groups explained: a simple starter guide for beginners](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/) - The world of K-Pop can often feel overwhelming for beginners due to the huge amount of groups and artists to learn about, not to mention all the concepts and ideas which are unique to this industry. This guide will help you by providing a short introduction to some K-Pop groups and their style, as well - [Cookie Policy](https://www.cosmundus.com/cookie-policy/) - What are cookies? This Cookie Policy explains what cookies are and how we use them, the types of cookies we use i.e, the information we collect using cookies and how that information is used, and how to manage the cookie settings. Cookies are small text files that are used to store small pieces of information. - [What is Cosmundus?](https://www.cosmundus.com/about/) - With Cosmundus, you will explore the world and the universe in different ways. You can consult the Atlas or read articles on the blog. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop co-ed groups](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/co-ed-groups/) - This is a explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop co-ed groups, an extension of our earlier guide to the names of K-Pop groups and idols. - [A simple starter guide to K-Pop for beginners: co-ed groups explained](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/co-ed-groups/) - This is a beginner-friendly introduction to K-Pop co-ed groups, an extension of our earlier introductory guide to K-Pop groups. - [Contact](https://www.cosmundus.com/contact/) - Do you have any questions or suggestions? Send them by filling the form below. If you want to write for Cosmundus read below for more details. Write an article for the Cosmundus blog Do you have an interesting story to share? Is there something you think more people should know about? Are you trying to - [A simple starter guide to K-Pop for beginners: male soloists explained](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/male-soloists/) - This is a beginner-friendly introduction to K-Pop male soloists, an extension of our earlier introductory guide to K-Pop groups. - [A simple starter guide to K-Pop for beginners: boy groups explained](https://www.cosmundus.com/kpop-groups-explained/boy-groups/) - This is a beginner-friendly introduction to K-Pop boy groups, an extension of our earlier introductory guide to K-Pop groups. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop male soloists](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/male-soloists/) - This is a explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop male soloists, an extension of our earlier guide to the names of K-Pop groups and idols. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop boy groups](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/boy-groups/) - This is a explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop boy groups, an extension of our earlier guide to the names of K-Pop groups and idols. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop girl groups](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/girl-groups/) - This is a explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop girl groups, an extension of our earlier guide to the names of K-Pop groups and idols. - [The origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop groups and idols](https://www.cosmundus.com/origin-of-k-pop-names/) - Here you will find an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of K-Pop groups and the stage names of K-Pop idols. - [K-Pop](https://www.cosmundus.com/k-pop/) - In this section of the website, you will find a series of starter guides to K-Pop artists for beginners, which will help you enter this crazy world. Various different topics will be covered, starting with an introduction to groups and soloists, as well as their music and style. You can find these guides by clicking - [Agordino, Ampezzo, and Cadore](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/agordino-ampezzo-and-cadore/) - The mountainous northern part of the Province of Belluno is known for its beautiful natural environment, and includes the famous Dolomites. - [Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/) - [Vatican City](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vatican-city/) - Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, located entirely within Rome, Italy, and ruled by the Pope. It includes famous religious and cultural sites. - [San Marino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/san-marino/) - San Marino is a tiny state completely surrounded by Italy near Rimini. The country was founded in the year 301, which makes it the oldest state in the world. - [Turin - East Turin](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/turin/east-turin/) - East Turin includes the Circoscrizioni 6, 7, and 8 of the city, occupying the areas east and north of the center of Turin. - [Turin - Centro-Crocetta](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/turin/centro-crocetta/) - Centro-Crocetta is the central and oldest part of Turin, and houses many of the most important landmarks of the city. - [Turin](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/turin/) - Turin (Torino) is the capital and largest city of Piedmont, and one of the most important industrial, commercial, and cultural centers in Italy. - [Rome - Monti-Esquilino-Castro Pretorio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/monti-esquilino-castro-pretorio/) - Monti, Esquilino, and Castro Pretorio are three rioni located on the eastern side of the center of Rome. The area features numerous ancient ruins and churches. - [Roero and Langhe of Cuneo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/roero-and-langhe-of-cuneo/) - The hilly area in the east of the Province of Cuneo has a long culinary tradition. To the north is Roero, while the rest of this area is the Langhe of Cuneo. - [Riviera dei Fiori](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/riviera-dei-fiori/) - The Riviera dei Fiori is the westernmost section of the Ligurian coast, part of the Province of Imperia. It is known for hosting several popular seaside resorts. - [Pisa](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pisa/) - Pisa is a city in Tuscany known all over the world for its leaning tower, many artistic and architectonic masterpieces, and its rich cultural heritage. - [Piedmont](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northwest-italy/piedmont/) - [Piacentino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/piacentino/) - The Piacentino is the territory of the Province of Piacenza, the westernmost province of Emilia-Romagna. This region is mostly occupied by hills and mountains. - [Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/) - Milan (Milano) is the capital of Lombardy and the second most populous city in Italy. It is among the most important economic and cultural centers in Europe. - [Mantovano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/mantovano/) - The Mantovano is located in the Po Valley at the southeastern corner of Lombardy, and features several agricultural centers, but also some historic towns. - [Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lomellina-and-oltrepo-pavese/) - The Province of Pavia includes Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese. Lomellina is part of the Po Valley, while the Oltrepò Pavese is located south of the Po river. - [Liguria](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northwest-italy/liguria/) - [Genoa](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/genoa/) - Genoa (Genova) is the capital and largest city in Liguria, one of the most important economic and cultural centers in Italy, and a popular tourist destination. - [Casertano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/casertano/) - Many of the attractions of Province of Caserta are located in and around Caserta, but the mountains also host various beautiful towns. - [Bassa Bresciana, Lake Garda, and Lake Idro](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bassa-bresciana-lake-garda-and-lake-idro/) - The Province of Brescia includes the western shore of Lake Garda, Lake Idro among the mountains, and the low-lying Bassa Bresciana. - [Alessandrino and Casalese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/alessandrino-and-casalese/) - The central part of the Province of Alessandria is known as Alessandrino, while the northern section, around the town of Casale Monferrato, is called Casalese. - [Rome - South Rome](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/south-rome/) - The area south of the center of Rome includes various historic landmarks and vast archaeological areas, as well as the modern neighborhood of EUR. - [Tuscan Archipelago](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/tuscan-archipelago/) - The Tuscan Archipelago (Arcipelago Toscano) is a group of islands located between Tuscany and Corsica. - [Pontine Marshes](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pontine-marshes/) - The Pontine Marshes (Agro Pontino) are former marshlands located in the western part of the Province of Latina. - [Grosseto and Maremma Grossetana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/grosseto-and-maremma-grossetana/) - The Maremma Grossetana is a coastal area in the Province of Grosseto, featuring seaside resorts and historic sites, the Orbetello Lagoon, and Monte Argentario. - [Frusinate](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/frusinate/) - The Frusinate is crossed by a large valley called Valle Latina and surrounded by mountains. Here are several ancient towns with many historic attractions. - [Etruscan Coast](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/etruscan-coast/) - The Etruscan Coast (Costa degli Etruschi) is a coastal area stretching from Livorno to Piombino in the Province of Livorno. - [Sud Pontino and Pontine Islands](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/sud-pontino-and-pontine-islands/) - The Sud Pontino is the southernmost part of Lazio, tucked between the mountains and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Off the coast to the south are the Pontine Islands. - [Lazio](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/central-italy/lazio/) - [Atlas](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/) - The Atlas is a list of destinations all around the world, with detailed explanations on many places worth a visit, that will grow to cover the entire planet. - [Medio Campidano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/medio-campidano/) - Medio Campidano is an area of southwestern Sardinia which includes the central part of the vast plain of Campidano. - [Sulcis Iglesiente](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/sulcis-iglesiente/) - The Sulcis Iglesiente is a historical region in Sardinia, mostly mountainous and dotted with small towns. It includes the islands of Sant'Antioco and San Pietro. - [La Maddalena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/la-maddalena/) - La Maddalena is an archipelago located off the northeastern coast of Sardinia, known for its clear waters, beautiful beaches, and mostly pristine environment. - [Northeastern Sardinia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northeastern-sardinia/) - Northeastern Sardinia is known for its several popular seaside resorts. This area features numerous summer destinations, but also various historic sites. - [Northwestern Sardinia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northwestern-sardinia/) - Northwestern Sardinia is a mostly hilly territory that houses several towns with historic sites, as well as numerous natural attractions. - [Alghero](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/alghero/) - Alghero is a city located on the sea in northwestern Sardinia, and a tourist destination with various historic attractions, known for its Catalan community. - [Sassari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/sassari/) - Sassari is the second largest city in Sardinia. It is as an industrial center and a university city, and features various historic attractions. - [Oristanese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/oristanese/) - The Oristanese is located in the central-western part of Sardinia, and features various small towns, some archaeological sites, and a few seaside resorts. - [Ogliastra](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ogliastra/) - [Nuorese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/nuorese/) - [Southern Sardinia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/southern-sardinia/) - Southern Sardinia is characterized by a central plain with mountainous areas to the east and west, and features archaeological sites and seaside resorts. - [Cagliari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cagliari/) - Cagliari is the capital and largest city of Sardinia, and its most important economic center, but it also features historic attractions and interesting museums. - [Sardinia](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/insular-italy/sardinia/) - [Aegadian Islands and Pantelleria](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/aegadian-islands-and-pantelleria/) - The Province of Trapani includes the Aegadian Islands, located off the western coast of Sicily, and Pantelleria, an island located between Sicily and Tunisia. - [Gulf of Castellammare](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/gulf-of-castellammare/) - The Gulf of Castellammare is a bay in northwestern Sicily, located between Palermo and Trapani, known for its seaside resorts and historic attractions. - [Western Sicily](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/western-sicily/) - Western Sicily houses various popular seaside resorts and archaeological sites, while several historic cities are located both on the coast and in the interior. - [Siracusano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/siracusano/) - The Siracusano is mostly occupied by hills and mountains, and hosts numerous towns featuring famous historic landmarks, most notably Noto. - [Syracuse](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/syracuse/) - Syracuse is a city located on the southeastern coast of Sicily, known for its rich history. In ancient times it was one the major powers in the Mediterranean. - [Ragusano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ragusano/) - The Ragusano is located in southeastern Sicily, is mostly occupied by hills and mountains, and hosts various historic towns and a few seaside resorts. - [Palermitano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/palermitano/) - The Palermitano includes several seaside resorts, while other notable destinations are instead located among the beautiful hills and mountains of the interior. - [Palermo - Outside the Center](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/palermo/outside-the-center/) - The neighborhoods outside the center of Palermo are mostly residential and developed since the 19th century, but there are still many interesting landmarks. - [Palermo - Centro Storico](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/palermo/centro-storico/) - Centro Storico is the oldest part of Palermo and includes the most historic neighborhoods and the most famous tourist attractions of the city. - [Palermo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/palermo/) - Palermo is the capital and largest city in Sicily, and one of the most important centers in Italy, known for its rich history, culture, and artistic heritage. - [Northeastern Sicily](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northeastern-sicily/) - Northeastern Sicily is mostly mountainous, and hosts several historic villages among the mountains, but also many seaside resorts and archaeological ruins. - [Aeolian Islands](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/aeolian-islands/) - [Messina](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/messina/) - Messina is a city located at the northeastern corner of Sicily. It is the third largest city in Sicily, and features some interesting attractions. - [Ennese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ennese/) - The Ennese is located in central Sicily and is mostly occupied by hills and mountains, dotted with small cities which feature various historic attractions. - [Catanese and Calatino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/catanese-and-calatino/) - Catanese is dominated by Mount Etna and features towns around the volcano and on the nearby coast, while Calatino is a hilly area centered around Caltagirone. - [Catania](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/catania/) - Catania is the second largest city in Sicily, located at the base of Mount Etna. The city features numerous historic buildings and tourist attractions. - [Nisseno and Gelese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/nisseno-and-gelese/) - The Province of Caltanissetta is composed of two traditional regions, Nisseno in the north, around Caltanissetta, and Gelese in the south, centered in Gela. - [Agrigentino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/agrigentino/) - The Agrigentino is located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Sicily. The area is known for its important archaeological sites. - [Sicily](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/insular-italy/sicily/) - [Vibonese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vibonese/) - The Province of Vibo Valentia hosts the Coast of the Gods, a beautiful coastline with several popular seaside resorts, and other attractions more inland. - [Southern Calabria](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/southern-calabria/) - The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria is mostly mountainous and hosts the massif of the Aspromonte, while various seaside resorts are on the coast. - [Crotonese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/crotonese/) - The Province of Crotone is located in eastern Calabria, between the Sila plateau and the Ionian Sea, and houses some tourist destinations. - [Northern Calabria](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northern-calabria/) - The Province of Cosenza occupies all of Northern Calabria. This area is mostly mountainous, and houses many popular seaside resorts and historic sites. - [Central Calabria](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/central-calabria/) - The Province of Catanzaro occupies the central portion of Calabria, and stretches between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea. - [Calabria](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/calabria/) - [Southwestern Basilicata](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/southwestern-basilicata/) - Southwestern Basilicata is mostly mountainous, is known for its gorgeous and pristine natural environment and for its a short shoreline on the Tyrrhenian Sea. - [Northwestern Basilicata](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northwestern-basilicata/) - The territory around Potenza is mostly hilly and mountainous and features various small towns with historic attractions and a beautiful natural environment. - [Eastern Basilicata](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/eastern-basilicata/) - The Province of Matera occupies the eastern portion of Basilicata, and features many small historic towns among the hills and a plain facing the Ionian sea. - [Matera](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/matera/) - Matera is a city in Basilicata known for the Sassi, two ancient districts featuring houses and buildings carved in the rock and inside caves. - [Basilicata](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/basilicata/) - [Tarantino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/tarantino/) - [Salento Leccese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/salento-leccese/) - The Province of Lecce is entirely part of the historical region of Salento, known for its beautiful coastline and seaside resorts, and its rich history. - [Lecce](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lecce/) - [Daunian Mountains](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/daunian-mountains/) - The Daunian Mountains are a group of mountains located at the western edge of the Province of Foggia, known for hosting several small and beautiful villages. - [Gargano and Tremiti Islands](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/gargano-and-tremiti-islands/) - Gargano is a mountainous promontory located along the coast of Apulia, known for its seaside resorts and religious sites. The Tremiti Islands are located nearby. - [Tavoliere delle Puglie](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/tavoliere-delle-puglie/) - The Tavoliere delle Puglie is a large plain in northern Apulia and and agricultural region housing various cities featuring numerous historic attractions. - [West of Brindisi](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/west-of-brindisi/) - The rural countryside west of Brindisi features a few ancient towns and historic sites. This area is the northernmost part of the historic region of Salento. - [Brindisi](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/brindisi/) - Brindisi is a city located along the coast of Apulia on the Adriatic Sea. It has always been one of the most important ports of the Mediterranean. - [Western Terra di Bari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/western-terra-di-bari/) - The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani occupies the western portion of the Terra di Bari, and houses various historic sites and interesting landmarks. - [Murgia Barese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/murgia-barese/) - The Murgia Barese houses several historic towns with many ancient landmarks, and various peculiar natural sites. This region is also known for the trulli. - [West of Bari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/west-of-bari/) - Along the Adriatic coast west of Bari are some seaside tourist destinations, while other historic attractions can be found more inland, most notably in Bitonto. - [East of Bari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/east-of-bari/) - The area East of Bari hosts various popular seaside resorts, some historic towns with ancient landmarks, and a few natural wonders. - [Bari](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bari/) - Bari is the capital and most populous city of Apulia, located on the Adriatic Sea and known for hosting various historic attractions and the Fiera del Levante. - [Apulia](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/apulia/) - [Cilento](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cilento/) - Cilento is a geographical region in the Province of Salerno. This area is known for its beautiful natural environment, seaside resorts, and archaeological sites. - [Salernitano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/salernitano/) - The area around Salerno features several historic towns and attractions, located at the foot of the mountains and in the plain and hills east of Salerno. - [Amalfi Coast](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/amalfi-coast/) - [Salerno](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/salerno/) - Salerno is the second largest city in Campania. It hosted the most important medical school of medieval Europe, and offers various historic landmarks. - [Phlegraean Fields and Northern Suburbs of Naples](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/phlegraean-fields-and-northern-suburbs-of-naples/) - The Phlegraean Fields is a vast volcanic area located west of Naples, featuring several archaeological sites. North of Naples are several populous suburbs. - [Sorrento Peninsula](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/sorrento-peninsula/) - The Sorrento Peninsula is a peninsula located between Naples and Salerno, known for its beautiful coastline facing the Gulf of Naples. - [Vesuvian Area](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vesuvian-area/) - Just east of Naples is Mount Vesuvius, a large volcano surrounded by many populous towns featuring important archaeological areas and historic landmarks. - [Campanian Archipelago](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/campanian-archipelago/) - The Campanian Archipelago is a group of islands near Naples, famous for their natural beauty. It consists of Capri, Ischia, Procida, and a few smaller islets. - [Naples - West Naples](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/west-naples/) - The area of Naples just west of Centro Storico includes the wealthy neighborhood of Vomero, and the densly populated Fuorigrotta. - [Naples - San Lorenzo-East Naples](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/san-lorenzo-east-naples/) - San Lorenzo is a neighborhood of Naples that forms part of the World Heritage Site of the historic center of the city. Further east are some industrial areas. - [Naples - North Naples](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/north-naples/) - North of the Centro Storico of Naples are the neighborhoods of Stella and San Carlo all'Arena, including the popular Rione Sanità and the hill of Capodimonte. - [Naples - Chiaia-Posillipo-San Ferdinando](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/chiaia-posillipo-san-ferdinando/) - The First Municipality of Naples includes San Ferdinando, Chiaia, and Posillipo, three neighborhoods located along the coast west of Centro Storico. - [Naples - Centro Storico](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/centro-storico/) - The historic center of Naples, or Centro Storico, is a maze of narrow and busy streets surrounded by large buildings and crossed by a few major roads. - [Naples](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/naples/) - [Beneventano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/beneventano/) - The Province of Benevento features mostly hills and mountains, dotted with small towns, and houses several ancient landmarks, especially in Benevento. - [Irpinia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/irpinia/) - Irpinia is a historical region that mostly corresponds to the modern Province of Avellino. The territory is known for its natural environment and historic sites. - [Campania](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/campania/) - [Western Molise](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/western-molise/) - The Province of Isernia occupies the western half of Molise. Its territory is largely mountainous, and most of the towns here are small villages. - [Eastern Molise](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/eastern-molise/) - The eastern half of Molise features small towns among the hills and mountains, including Campobasso, and the coastal area on the Adriatic Sea. - [Molise](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/molise/) - [Teramano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/teramano/) - The Teramano is the Province of Teramo, and includes historic towns such as Teramo and Atri, but also some seaside resorts, most notably Giulianova. - [Pescarese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pescarese/) - The Pescarese is the territory of the Province of Pescara, located between the Adriatic Sea and the Apennines of Abruzzo. - [Valle Peligna and Alto Sangro](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valle-peligna-and-alto-sangro/) - Valle Peligna is a valley in Abruzzo located featuring the historic city of Sulmona. South of Valle Peligna is the Alto Sangro, known for its ski resorts. - [Marsica](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/marsica/) - Marsica is a historical region that includes the southwestern portion of Abruzzo. It features several tall mountains and its main city is Avezzano. - [Conca Aquilana and Gran Sasso](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/conca-aquilana-and-gran-sasso/) - The Conca Aquilana is a valley among the Apennines of Abruzzo, south of the Gran Sasso massif. It is named after L'Aquila, which offers several historic sites. - [Trabocchi Coast](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/trabocchi-coast/) - The Trabocchi Coast is the coast of the Province of Chieti, on the Adriatic Coast. This coast features popular seaside resorts such as Ortona and Vasto. - [Chieti and Eastern Abruzzo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/chieti-and-eastern-abruzzo/) - Various historic towns are located among the mountains and in the valleys of Eastern Abruzzo, such as Chieti and Lanciano, as well as several small villages. - [Abruzzo](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/abruzzo/) - [Insular Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/insular-italy/) - [Central Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/central-italy/) - [Northeast Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northeast-italy/) - [Northwest Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northwest-italy/) - [South Italy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/south-italy/) - [Colline Metallifere](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/colline-metallifere/) - The Colline Metallifere are a group of hills in the north of the Province of Grosseto, known since ancient times for being rich in mineral resources. - [Udine](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/udine/) - Udine is a city located at the center of Friuli Venezia Giulia and it's the historical capital of Friuli. - [Veneto](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northeast-italy/veneto/) - Veneto hosts a wide variety of attractions that range from high mountains to beautiful beaches, from cities of arts and culture to traditional villages. - [Padua](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/padua/) - A city of arts, culture, science, and religion, Padua (Padova) has always been one of the most important economic hubs of Veneto. - [Alps of Cuneo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/alps-of-cuneo/) - The west and south of the Province of Cuneo feature many valleys among the Alps. Here are several small mountain towns and popular tourist destinations. - [Northern Lazio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northern-lazio/) - Northern Lazio features some hills among a large rural area that stretches between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Apennines, and includes the large Lake Bolsena. - [Viterbo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/viterbo/) - Viterbo is the largest city in Northern Lazio. The modern town was founded in the Middle Ages and was a powerful comune and the residence of various popes. - [Reatino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/reatino/) - The Reatino is the Province of Rieti, located in northeastern Lazio. This area is mostly occupied by hills and mountains, dotted with small towns. - [Roman Countryside](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/roman-countryside/) - Around Rome is a large rural area with many towns hosting historic attractions, and Lake Bracciano. To the east of Rome are hills dotted with ancient towns. - [Roman Coast](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/roman-coast/) - The long coast of the Metropolitan City of Rome houses several popular seaside resorts, but also numerous historic attractions. - [Castelli Romani](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/castelli-romani/) - The territory of the Castelli Romani ("Roman Castles") is made up of various small towns located around the Alban Hills, southeast of Rome. - [Rome - North Rome](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/north-rome/) - Just north of the center of Rome is the vast area of Villa Borghese, which includes a large park and various museums. Further north, there are other landmarks. - [Rome - Trevi-Colonna-Campo Marzio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/trevi-colonna-campo-marzio/) - The northern portion of the center of Rome includes the rioni Campo Marzio, Colonna, Ludovisi, Sallustiano, and Trevi, and features numerous landmarks. - [Rome - Trastevere-Borgo-Prati](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/trastevere-borgo-prati/) - Trastevere-Borgo-Prati is the area of the center of Rome located west of the Tiber river, known as an artistic center and for the proximity to Vatican City. - [Rome - Ripa-Testaccio-San Saba](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/ripa-testaccio-san-saba/) - Ripa, Testaccio, and San Saba are three rioni occupying the southern portion of the center of Rome. The area includes the Tiber Island and the Aventine Hill. - [Rome - Centro Storico](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/centro-storico/) - Centro Storico is the area of the center of Rome located east of the Tiber and includes the rioni Parione, Pigna, Ponte, Regola, Sant’Angelo, and Sant’Eustachio. - [Rome - Campitelli-Celio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/campitelli-celio/) - Campitelli and Celio are two of the rioni of the center of Rome, which include a vast archaeological area and various historic landmarks. - [Rome](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rome/) - Rome is the capital of Italy and one of the most visited cities in the world, known for its vast amount of historical landmarks and artistic masterpieces. - [Marche](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/central-italy/marche/) - Marche is a region of Italy located along the Adriatic coast in the center of the country, known for its cultural heritage, beautiful beaches, and natural areas. - [Urbinate](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/urbinate/) - The Urbinate is the territory around the city of Urbino. This area is occupied by hills and mountains with various small beautiful towns. - [Pesarese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pesarese/) - The area around Pesaro is known as Pesarese, and features various towns among the hills. This territory also includes Fano and the valleys located nearby. - [Maceratese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/maceratese/) - The hilly territory of the Province of Macerata occupies the central part of Marche. This province houses various beautiful towns among the hills and mountains. - [Marca Fermana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/marca-fermana/) - The territory around the city of Fermo is historically known as Marca Fermana. This area features various small towns among the hills and mountains - [Piceno](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/piceno/) - The Piceno is the territory of the Province of Ascoli Piceno, in southern Marche. This area is almost entirely occupied by hills and mountains. - [West of Ancona](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/west-of-ancona/) - West of Ancona are several towns hosting historic attractions, such as Jesi and Fabriano. Here are also a few popular seaside resorts, most notably Senigallia. - [South of Ancona](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/south-of-ancona/) - South of Ancona is a hilly region near the Adriatic Sea, featuring the rocky promontory of Monte Conero. More inland are various historic towns, like Loreto. - [Ancona](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ancona/) - Ancona is the capital and largest city of Marche, and one of the main seaports on the Adriatic Sea. It features various historic attractions and ancient ruins. - [Umbria](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/central-italy/umbria/) - [Ternano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ternano/) - The Province of Terni occupies the southern part of Umbria. Terni offers a few interesting attractions, and it is surrounded by small towns among the hills. - [Orvieto](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/orvieto/) - Orvieto is a town in the Province of Terni, and a tourist destination known for its historic attractions and artistic masterpieces, especially its cathedral. - [Valle Umbra and Valnerina](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valle-umbra-and-valnerina/) - Valle Umbra is a large valley in the Province of Perugia, which extends between Assisi and Spoleto. East of Spoleto is Valnerina, a valley among the mountains. - [Perugino and Trasimeno](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/perugino-and-trasimeno/) - The area around Perugia is known as Perugino, and includes the towns located south of the Umbrian capital. West of Perugia is the large Lake Trasimeno. - [Eugubino and Umbrian Valtiberina](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/eugubino-and-umbrian-valtiberina/) - The Umbrian Valtiberina and the Eugubino are both part of the Province of Perugia and feature various historic towns among the hills. - [Assisi](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/assisi/) - Assisi is a town located among the hills east of Perugia, known for being the birthplace of Saint Francis of Assisi and for its religious sites. - [Perugia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/perugia/) - Perugia is the capital and largest city of Umbria, known for its rich artistic heritage and its contributions to the Renaissance, but also as an university town. - [Tuscany](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/central-italy/tuscany/) - Tuscany is a region in Central Italy, known for its artistic and architectural masterpieces, rich cultural heritage, delicious cuisine, and beautiful hills. - [South of Siena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/south-of-siena/) - The hilly and mountainous region south of Siena is dotted with several small beautiful towns and historic cities with many interesting landmarks. - [North of Siena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/north-of-siena/) - North of Siena are the hills of Chianti and the southern part of Valdelsa. Several small historic towns are located here, most notably San Gimignano. - [Siena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/siena/) - Siena is a city in Tuscany known for its rich artistic, architectural, and cultural heritage, its medieval old town and the Palio, a historic horse race. - [Pratese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pratese/) - The Province of Prato is a small and narrow strip of land located between Florence and Pistoia. The provincial capital houses several historic attractions. - [Pistoiese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pistoiese/) - The Province of Pistoia features valleys and hills to the south, and a mountainous area to the north. Here are a few historic towns and popular spa resorts. - [Pistoia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pistoia/) - Pistoia is a city in Tuscany located between Florence and Lucca, which now features numerous historic attractions and a rich artistic heritage. - [Pisano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pisano/) - The territory of the Province of Pisa, or Pisano, includes the lower part of the alluvial plain of the Arno river, and a hilly region to the south. - [Gulf of La Spezia and Bassa Val di Magra](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/gulf-of-la-spezia-and-bassa-val-di-magra/) - The Gulf of La Spezia is located at the eastern end of Liguria, and features La Spezia, Porto Venere and Lerici. Further east is the valley of the Magra river. - [Massa, Carrara, and Tuscan Lunigiana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/massa-carrara-and-tuscan-lunigiana/) - Massa and Carrara are historic towns with intersting attractions. The mountainous northern part of the province is part of the historic region of Lunigiana. - [Versilia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/versilia/) - Versilia is a coastal area in the Province of Lucca, known for hosting popular seaside resorts such as Viareggio and Forte dei Marmi. - [Garfagnana and Lucchese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/garfagnana-and-lucchese/) - Garfagnana is a historic region located in the mountains of the Province of Lucca. The Lucchese is instead the low-lying area around Lucca. - [Lucca](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lucca/) - Lucca is a city in Tuscany known for its well preserved old town and Renaissance city walls, and its rich artistic and historic heritage. - [Livorno](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/livorno/) - Livorno is port city on the western coast of Tuscany. Rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town, it became one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean. - [East of Grosseto](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/east-of-grosseto/) - The hilly area east of Grosseto features many historic towns and a beautiful natural environment, and includes a series of small towns among the tuff hills. - [North of Padua](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/north-of-padua/) - The countryside north of Padua is a mostly rural agricultural area dotted with small towns. The main attraction here is the town of Cittadella. - [Mugello](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/mugello/) - The Mugello is a historic region located north of Florence, which includes the valley formed by the Sieve river and an area north of the Apennines. - [Fiorentino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/fiorentino/) - The Fiorentino is the area around the city of Florence, which includes various towns located near the Tuscan capital and some valleys to the south and east. - [Empolese Valdelsa](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/empolese-valdelsa/) - The Empolese Valdelsa is a region west of Florence centered around the city of Empoli. South of Empoli is the Valdelsa, a valley formed by the Elsa river. - [Florence - Santa Maria Novella-Cascine](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/santa-maria-novella-cascine/) - The historic neighborhood of Santa Maria Novella includes the western portion of the city center of Florence, and it takes its name from a large basilica. - [Florence - Santa Croce](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/santa-croce/) - Santa Croce is a historic neighborhood of Florence located in the east of the city center, and it features some of the most famous attractions in the city. - [Florence - San Giovanni](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/san-giovanni/) - San Giovanni is a historic neighborhood in the center of Florence, which includes several of the most famous landmarks of the city. - [Florence - Oltrarno-South Florence](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/oltrarno-south-florence/) - Oltrarno is the area of the historic center of Florence located south of the Arno river, and it features numerous remarkable landmarks, palaces, and gardens. - [Florence - Campo di Marte-Rifredi](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/campo-di-marte-rifredi/) - Campo di Marte and Rifredi are two areas of Florence located north of the historic city center, which host sports venues and residential and industrial areas. - [Plain and Coast of Ferrara](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/plain-and-coast-of-ferrara/) - The Province of Ferrara is located in the Po Valley, and is mostly rural. Near the coast are some historic attractions and a few seaside resorts. - [Valdarno and Val di Chiana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valdarno-and-val-di-chiana/) - Valdarno is a valley west of Arezzo crossed by the Arno river. Val di Chiana is instead located south of Arezzo and houses the historic town of Cortona. - [Casentino and Tuscan Valtiberina](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/casentino-and-tuscan-valtiberina/) - The Casentino is a valley north of Arezzo, famous for its natural environment and religious sites. Valtiberina houses several historic attractions. - [Arezzo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/arezzo/) - Arezzo is a city in eastern Tuscany known for its rich cultural and artistic heritage. It hosts masterpieces dating from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. - [Mantua](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/mantua/) - Mantua (Mantova) is a city in Lombardy, located in the southeast of the region, known as a cultural center featuring many medieval and Renaissance attractions. - [Lombardy](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northwest-italy/lombardy/) - Lombardy is a region of Italy located in the northern part of the country, known for its natural environment, historic attractions and artistic masterpieces. - [Bergamasque Valleys](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bergamasque-valleys/) - North of Bergamo are the Bergamasque Alps, crossed by various valleys. This area features several mountain villages and a beautiful natural environment. - [Bassa Bergamasca](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bassa-bergamasca/) - South of Bergamo is the Bassa Bergamasca, which includes several agricultural and industrial centers, some of which house intersting historic attractions. - [Bergamo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bergamo/) - Bergamo is a city in Lombardy, located at the foot of the Alps. It is known for its rich cultural, artistic, and historic heritage. - [Lake Iseo and Val Camonica](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lake-iseo-and-val-camonica/) - Lake Iseo is a popular tourist destination with various lakeside resorts. North of Lake Iseo is Val Camonica, a long alpine valley known for its historic sites. - [Brescia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/brescia/) - Brescia is the second largest city in Lombardy, located at the foot of the mountains in the east of the region, known for its rich historical, cultural, and artistic heritage. - [Pavese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pavese/) - The Pavese is the northeastern part of the Province of Pavia, around the provincial capital and located north of the Po river and east of the Ticino river. - [Bassa Friulana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bassa-friulana/) - The Bassa Friulana is the large low-lying area south of Udine. Some towns offer interesting attractions, most notably Palmanova and Aquileia. - [Cremonese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cremonese/) - The Province of Cremona houses many agricultural centers and a few historic cities such as Cremona and Crema. - [Lodigiano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lodigiano/) - The Lodigiano is located in the middle of the Po Valley southeast of Milan. A few attractions can be found in Lodi and some other towns. - [Valtellina and Valchiavenna](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valtellina-and-valchiavenna/) - Valtellina and Valchiavenna are two alpine valleys that form the Province of Sondrio. Valtellina is the larger of the two, and both house popular ski resorts. - [Lecchese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lecchese/) - The Province of Lecco includes the eastern shore of Lake Como and the surrounding hills and mountains. Here are several popular lakeside resorts. - [Comasco](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/comasco/) - The Comasco is the Province of Como, and includes the western shore of Lake Como, the hills between this lake and Lake Lugano and the Triangolo Lariano. - [Como](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/como/) - Como is a city located north of Milan, on the southwestern corner of Lake Como and close to the border with Switzerland. - [Varesotto](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/varesotto/) - The territory around Varese is known as Varesotto, and includes industrial centers, small towns among the hills and mountains, and popular lakeside resorts. - [Varese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/varese/) - Varese is a city located northwest of Milan, near Lake Varese between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como. Varese is known for its many parks and villas. - [Monza and Brianza](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/monza-and-brianza/) - The Province of Monza and Brianza is located northeast of Milan. Centered around the historic city of Monza, this area includes the hills of Brianza. - [Milanese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milanese/) - The Milanese is the territory around Milan, which includes numerous populous suburbs which developed in the 20th century as industrial centers. - [Milan - Centro Storico](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/centro-storico/) - Centro Storico is the central and oldest part of Milan, and it includes most of the greatest attractions of Milan, as well as many of its historic landmarks. - [Milan - South Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/south-milan/) - South Milan consists of the Municipi 4, 5, and 6 of the city. This is a mostly residential area located south of the city center, opening toward the countryside. - [Milan - North Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/north-milan/) - North Milan includes the Municipi 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 of Milan, located north of the city center outside the perimeter of the former Spanish walls. - [Milan - West Central Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/west-central-milan/) - West Central Milan is the part of Municipio 1 located to the west of the historic center of the city. - [Milan - East Central Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/east-central-milan/) - East Central Milan is the part of Municipio 1 located between the former medieval and Spanish walls of the city, to the east of the historic center of the city. - [Milan - North Central Milan](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/milan/north-central-milan/) - North Central Milan is the area of Municipio 1 located north of the historic center of the city. - [Savona and Riviera Ligure delle Palme](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/savona-and-riviera-ligure-delle-palme/) - The Ligurian coast west of Genoa in the Province of Savona is known as Riviera delle Palme. This coast features several popular summer destinations. - [Cinque Terre](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cinque-terre/) - The Cinque Terre is a rugged portion of the eastern Ligurian coast. The region takes its name from the five villages located along the coast. - [Tigullio, Golfo Paradiso, and Genoese Valleys](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/tigullio-golfo-paradiso-and-genoese-valleys/) - The beautiful coast east of Genoa features several seaside resorts and towns that are very popular among tourists. Here are Golfo Paradiso and Tigullio. - [Genoa - Centro](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/genoa/centro/) - Centro is the central part of Genoa. It includes the old town, which hosts most of the major attractions of Genoa, and the industrial area of Sampierdarena. - [Genoa - Outskirts of Genoa](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/genoa/outskirts-of-genoa/) - Outside the old town of Genoa are the mostly residential districts located in the hills and along the coast. Some of the most important neighborhoods to the east are Albaro, Quarto dei Mille, and Nervi, while to the west are the populous suburbs of Cornigliano, Sestri Ponente, Pegli, Pra', and Voltri. This area became part of Genoa between 1873 and 1926. - [Torinese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/torinese/) - Around Turin there are several royal palaces built by the Savoy family, along with many other historic landmarks and interesting attractions. - [Susa Valley](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/susa-valley/) - The Susa Valley is a long valley among the Alps west of Turin, known among tourists for its gorgeous natural environment and many popular ski resorts. - [Pinerolese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pinerolese/) - The Pinerolese is a region located around the town of Pinerolo, in the southwest of the Metropolitan City of Turin. This area includes various alpine valleys. - [Canavese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/canavese/) - Canavese is a historical region in the north of the Metropolitan City of Turin. The main city is Ivrea, but various other towns also offer interesting landmarks. - [Turin - West Turin](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/turin/west-turin/) - West Turin includes the Circoscrizioni 2, 3, 4, and 5 of Turin, located west of the city center. - [Valsesia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valsesia/) - The Province of Vercelli is divided into a low-lying region to the south, and a mountainous area to the north. The provincial capital is located in the south. - [Vercelli](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vercelli/) - Vercelli is a city in Piedmont located near the Sesia river. It is an important center for the cultivation of rice, also known for its rich cultural heritage. - [Ossola](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ossola/) - Ossola is a long valley located in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, west of Lake Maggiore and north of Lake Orta. The most important city is Domodossola. - [Verbano and Vergante](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/verbano-and-vergante/) - The western shore of Lake Maggiore, or Verbano, is located in Piedmont, between the provinces of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and Novara. - [Cusio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cusio/) - Cusio is the region surrounding Lake Orta, divided between the provinces of Novara and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola. The area is known for its natural beauty. - [Novarese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/novarese/) - Most of the Province of Novara is occupied by the plain of the Po Valley, between the rivers Sesia and Ticino. The main attractions can be found in Novara. - [Cuneese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cuneese/) - The Cuneese is the central part of the Province of Cuneo. This area is mostly occupied by a plain and features several historic towns such as Cuneo and Saluzzo. - [Biellese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/biellese/) - The small Province of Biella, or Biellese, is mostly mountainous. The provincial capital and most of the main towns are located at the foot of the mountains. - [Astigiano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/astigiano/) - The Astigiano is mostly occupied by the hills of Montferrat, while the southernmost part is in the historical region of Langhe. - [Piedmontese Apennines](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/piedmontese-apennines/) - The southern and eastern part of the Province of Alessandria is occupied by hills and mountains, and includes the northernmost section of the Apennines. - [Aosta Valley](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northwest-italy/aosta-valley/) - [Lower Aosta Valley](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lower-aosta-valley/) - East of Aosta are several beautiful small mountain towns, while the lateral valleys house numerous ski resort and some of the most prominent peaks of the Alps. - [Upper Aosta Valley](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/upper-aosta-valley/) - The upper part of the Aosta Valley, located west of Aosta, features some of the most prominent and beautiful mountains of all the Alps, including Mont Blanc - [Aosta/Aoste](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/aosta/) - Aosta (Aoste in French) is the capital and largest city of Aosta Valley. It is a tourist destination thanks to its position and its many Roman ruins. - [Emilia-Romagna](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northeast-italy/emilia-romagna/) - [Rimini Coast and Valmarecchia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rimini-coast-and-valmarecchia/) - The coast around the city of Rimini features many seaside resorts. Further inland, the Province of Rimini includes Valmarecchia, a valley among the Apennines. - [Rimini](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rimini/) - Rimini is a city on the Adriatic coast of Romagna, and one of the largest seaside resorts in Europe. - [Reggiano](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/reggiano/) - The Province of Reggio Emilia, also called Reggiano, features a rural low-lying area to the north, while the south is occupied by hills and mountains. - [Reggio Emilia](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/reggio-emilia/) - Reggio Emilia is a city along the Via Emilia in Emilia-Romagna. It is now an industrial center and it features various historic buildings and attractions. - [Ravennate and Faentino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ravennate-and-faentino/) - The Province of Ravenna is part of the historic region of Romagna. The low-lying area to the east is the Ravennate, while to the east is the Faentino. - [Ravenna](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ravenna/) - Ravenna is a city located near the Adriatic coast in Emilia-Romagna, known for its rich artistic and architectural heritage. - [Piacenza](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/piacenza/) - Piacenza is a city located at the western edge of Emilia-Romagna, near the river Po and the border with Lombardy. - [Parma Apennines](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/parma-apennines/) - South of Parma is mountainous area featuring various small towns with historic landmarks, including several castles, and known for its gastronomical tradition. - [Bassa Parmense](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bassa-parmense/) - The area north of Parma is known as Bassa Parmense and features various towns with historic landmarks, especially Colorno, Busseto, Fontanellato, and Fidenza. - [Parma](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/parma/) - Parma is the second largest city in Emilia-Romagna, and a major cultural hub, known for its rich history, artistic and musical heritage and gastronomic products. - [South of Modena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/south-of-modena/) - Just south of Modena is an area known for the production of ceramics and its connection with motorsports. More historic towns are among the hills and mountains. - [North of Modena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/north-of-modena/) - The plain north of Modena is mostly rural and dotted with small agricultural centers. The largest town here is Carpi, which offers various historic attractions. - [Modena](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/modena/) - Modena is a city in Emilia-Romagna and an important industrial center, known for its car manufacturers, its rich culture and its famous gastronomical products. - [Cesenate](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/cesenate/) - The eastern part of the Province of Forlì-Cesena is known as Cesenate. The coast to the east features some seaside resorts while the mountains are to the south. - [Forlivese](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/forlivese/) - Forlivese is the western part of the Province of Forlì-Cesena, around the city of Forlì. It features plains and hills to the north, and mountains to the south. - [Rovigo and Polesine](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/rovigo-and-polesine/) - Polesine is the region between the lower courses of the rivers Adige and Po, almost entirely located in the Province of Rovigo. - [Ferrara](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/ferrara/) - Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna located near the river Po, is noted for its rich history and culture, and the Renaissance palaces that adorn its city center. - [Bologna](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bologna/) - Bologna is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna, and it has been for centuries one of the main cultural and economic centers in Italy. - [Bolognese Plain](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bolognese-plain/) - The plain of the Po Valley occupies the northern portion of the Metropolitan City of Bologna. This area is mostly rural and features a few agricultural centers. - [Bolognese Apennine](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bolognese-apennine/) - South of Bologna are the mountains of the Bolognese Apennine. Here are several small towns in the valleys and among the hills and mountains. - [Trentino-Alto Adige](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northeast-italy/trentino-alto-adige/) - Trentino-Alto Adige is the northernmost region of Italy, and one of the five autonomous regions of the country. It is composed of Trentino and South Tyrol. - [Val Pusteria](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/val-pusteria/) - Val Pusteria is a long valley that extends east of Bressanone toward the border with Austria. This is one of the most popular Alpine valleys. - [Burgraviato and Val Venosta](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/burgraviato-and-val-venosta/) - The Burgraviato is a historical region west of Bolzano, which includes Merano. Further west is Val Venosta, known for its beautiful natural environment. - [Bassa Atesina and Valle Isarco](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bassa-atesina-and-valle-isarco/) - South of Bolzano is Bassa Atesina, a renowned wine-making region. Northeast of the provincial capital is Valle Isarco, flanked by towering mountains. - [Bolzano/Bozen](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/bolzano/) - Bolzano (Bozen in German) is the capital and largest city in South Tyrol. It has been for a long time a meeting point between Italian and German culture. - [Valli Giudicarie and Alto Garda](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valli-giudicarie-and-alto-garda/) - The valleys of western Trentino are collectively known as Valli Giudicarie, while the area around the northern tip of Lake Garda is called Alto Garda. - [Vallagarina, Valle dell'Adige, and Valsugana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vallagarina-valle-delladige-and-valsugana/) - The Adige river crosses Trentino creating a valley known as Valle dell'Adige, while the southernmost part is called Vallagarina. East of Trento is Valsugana. - [Val di Non and Val di Sole](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/val-di-non-and-val-di-sole/) - The northwestern part of Trentino features two important valleys: Val di Non and Val di Sole. Both valleys have a rich history and culture. - [Trento](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/trento/) - Trento is the capital of Trentino-Alto Adige, it's located in a valley along the Adige river and it's one of the most important cities in the Alps. - [Val di Fiemme, Val di Fassa, and Primiero](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/val-di-fiemme-val-di-fassa-and-primiero/) - Val di Fiemme, Val di Fassa, and Primiero are three valleys in Trentino, known for their beautiful mountains and popular ski resorts. - [Friuli Venezia Giulia](https://www.cosmundus.com/atlas/europe/southern-europe/italy/northeast-italy/friuli-venezia-giulia/) - Friuli Venezia Giulia is one of the five autonomous regions of Italy, located in the northeast of the country and bordering Austria and Slovenia. - [Northern and Central Friuli](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/northern-and-central-friuli/) - The area around Udine and the hills just north of the city are known as Central Friuli. Further north is the mountainous Northern Friuli. - [Gorizia, Bisiacaria, and Grado](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/gorizia-bisiacaria-and-grado/) - The Province of Gorizia is located between the historical regions of Friuli and Venezia Giulia, and it is crossed by the Isonzo river. - [Pordenone, Western Friuli, and Friulian Dolomites](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/pordenone-western-friuli-and-friulian-dolomites/) - The Province of Pordenone occupies the western part of the historic region of Friuli. The south is a wide plain, while the north is very mountainous. - [Karst and Trieste Coast](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/karst-and-trieste-coast/) - The Province of Trieste forms a narrow strip of land along the Adriatic coast. Most of this territory is part of the Karst Plateau. - [Trieste](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/trieste/) - Trieste is the capital of Friuli Venezia Giulia and has been for centuries a border town, connecting the West with the East, and the North with the South. - [Lessinia, Lake Garda, and Veronese Countryside](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/lessinia-lake-garda-and-veronese-countryside/) - North of Verona is a mountainous region known as Lessinia, which includes Valpolicella. The Province of Verona also includes the eastern shore of Lake Garda. - [Vicentine Alps and Berici Hills](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vicentine-alps-and-berici-hills/) - Various towns with interesting attractions are located at the foot of the Vicentine Alps, which also feature a few famous massifs, and the Asiago Plateau. - [Vicenza](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/vicenza/) - Vicenza is a city in Veneto located between Verona and Padua, at the foot of the Berici Hills, visited for its culture and architecture- - [Verona](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/verona/) - Verona has always been a center of arts and culture and a thriving city since the time of the Romans. - [Venice - Santa Croce](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/santa-croce/) - Santa Croce is the westernmost sestriere of Venice, mostly famous for being a transportation hub, hosting the main port and car parkings. - [Venice - San Polo](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/san-polo/) - San Polo is the smallest sestriere of Venice. It was settled in the Early Middle Ages, making it one of the oldest areas in Venice. - [Venice - San Marco](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/san-marco/) - The sestriere of San Marco is the true heart of Venice and one of the oldest parts of the city, featuring many of its most iconic landmarks. - [Venice - Dorsoduro](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/dorsoduro/) - Dorsoduro is a sestriere of Venice that occupies most of the areas south and west of San Marco. - [Venice - Castello](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/castello/) - Castello is the easternmost and largest of the six sestrieri of Venice. It stretches from the city center to the edge of the main islands that form the city. - [Venice - Cannaregio](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/cannaregio/) - Cannaregio is the northernmost sestriere of Venice, and it is connected to the mainland via the railway station of Venezia Santa Lucia. - [Venetian Hinterland and Eastern Veneto](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venetian-hinterland-and-eastern-veneto/) - The Venetian Hinterland includes the Riviera del Brenta, dotted with patrician villas. Eastern Veneto instead features seaside resorts and historic attractions. - [Venetian Lagoon](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venetian-lagoon/) - The Venetian Lagoon (Laguna di Venezia) is the largest wetland in the Mediterranean, and it covers a large section of the coast of Veneto. - [Marca Trevigiana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/marca-trevigiana/) - Marca Trevigiana is the territory around Treviso. The southern part is a mostly rural plain, and to the north are beautiful towns among the hills and mountains. - [Treviso](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/treviso/) - Treviso is a quiet city located north of Venice, notable for its clothing industry and wine production. - [Valbelluna and Feltrino](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/valbelluna-and-feltrino/) - The valley formed by the Piave river among the Alps in the southern part of the Province of Belluno is known as Valbelluna. Belluno and Feltre are located here. - [Euganean Hills and Bassa Padovana](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/euganean-hills-and-bassa-padovana/) - Just south of Padua are the Euganean Hills, a group of volcanic hills with popular spa resorts. The rest of the countryside is known as Bassa Padovana. - [Florence](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/florence/) - Florence is the capital of Tuscany, known for its countless artistic, architectural, and cultural masterpieces, and its literary and scientific heritage. - [Blog](https://www.cosmundus.com/blog/) - This section of the website is my personal blog, where I will publish articles about many different subjects, subdivided into five categories. - [Privacy Policy](https://www.cosmundus.com/privacy-policy/) - The website https://www.cosmundus.com/ is the data controller of your personal data. We have adopted this Privacy Policy, which determines how we are processing the information collected by https://www.cosmundus.com/, which also provides the reasons why we must collect certain personal data about you. Therefore, you must read this Privacy Policy before using the website https://www.cosmundus.com/. We - [Newsletter](https://www.cosmundus.com/newsletter/) - [](https://www.cosmundus.com/coming-soon/) - Coming Soon There is still nothing here, but something interesting will be coming soon! - [Venice](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/venice/) - Venice (Venezia) is among the most beautiful cities in the world. Located in the Venetian Lagoon, it is built on a group of small islands connected by bridges. - [Destinations](https://www.cosmundus.com/destinations/) - List of all destinations in the Atlas in alphabetical order. ## My Templates - [Default Kit](https://www.cosmundus.com/?elementor_library=default-kit-2) - [Default Kit](https://www.cosmundus.com/?elementor_library=default-kit) ## Categories - [History](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/history/) - [Travel](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/travel/) - [Science](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/science/) - [Culture](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/culture/) - [News](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/news/) - [Other](https://www.cosmundus.com/category/other/)